What the vet can see: rest levels with only the chip's own pull resistors, whether neighbouring module pins are shorted, whether the LoRa radio answers over SPI and hears anything through its antenna, I2C pull-ups and devices, the flash and PSRAM fitted, and how the board boots. What it can't: LEDs lighting, speakers, anything that needs firmware timing — for those it hands you the running firmware's own controls when it recognises it. It only reads memory, toggles pins the way a multimeter would, and resets the board. Flash and eFuses are never written.